Old-Time Rock ‘n’ Roll: How The 1980s Embraced 1950s and 1960s Oldies Music

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Endnotes

¹ For a work that examines 1950s and early 1960s nostalgia during the 1970s and 1980s, see Michael D. Dwyer, Back to the Fifties: Nostalgia, Hollywood Film, and Popular Music of the Seventies and Eighties (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), Full text available via Oxford Scholarship Online. Dwyer is of the opinion nostalgia was used by the right-wing to reject the progress achieved in 1960s America that attempted to bring equality and social justice to all. Return to page 1

² For a statistical comparison of the generations, see Richard Fry, Millennials overtake Baby Boomers as America’s largest generation, April 28, 2020, Pew Research Center, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/28/millennials-overtake-baby-boomers-as-americas-largest-generation/; Deena Weinstein, Rock’n America: A Social and Cultural History (North York, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 2015), 2, 28-29, 37-40, 46, 70-71; Richard Croker and Alexandria Productions, The Boomer Century 1946-2046: How America’s Most Influential Generation Changed Everything (New York: Springboard Press, 2007), 42-44; For a detailed account of America’s prejudice towards rock ‘n’ roll during the 1950s, see Glenn C. Altschuler, All Shook Up: How Rock ‘N’ Roll Changed America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). Return to page 1

³ Patrik N. Juslin, Musical Emotions Explained: Unlocking the Secrets of Musical Affect (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 177-181, 187 (social identity), Chapter 22 Blast from the Past: Episodic Memory, pages 321-329; Steve Gillon, Boomer Nation: The Largest and Richest Generation Ever and How It Changed America (New York: Free Press, 2004), 39-40 (generational identity), 290-291 (preference to the past rather than the present, nostalgia for popular culture of 1960) 259; Michael D. Dwyer, Back to the Fifties: Nostalgia, Hollywood Film, and Popular Music of the Seventies and Eighties (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 8-13, 86 (Baby boomers claiming ownership over rock ‘n’ roll), Oxford Scholarship Online. Return to page 1

⁴ Richard Croker and Alexandria Productions, The Boomer Century 1946-2046: How America’s Most Influential Generation Changed Everything (New York: Springboard Press, 2007), 188-196. Return to page 1

⁵ John Mellencamp, Plain spoken: from the Chicago theatre (Eagle Vision, 2017), DVD. Return to page 1

⁶ U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census page 27: No. 30 Total Population by Age and Sex, 1950-1980, in Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1981, 102nd Edition (Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981), 27. Return to page 1

⁷ Steve Gillon, Boomer Nation: The Largest and Richest Generation Ever and How It Changed America (New York: Free Press, 2004), 117-118; Richard Croker and Alexandria Productions, The Boomer Century 1946-2046: How America’s Most Influential Generation Changed Everything (New York: Springboard Press, 2007), 166-168; Dee Ann Rexroat Classic rock makes inroads on radio airtime, The Gazette (Cedar Rapids, IA), 8 August 1986, 2c, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 1

⁸ For more info about Tina and Ike Turner, see Tina Turner’s two autobiographies: Tina Turner, with Deborah Davis and Dominik Wichmann, My Love Story (New York: Atria Books, 2018); Tina Turner, with Kurt Loder, I, Tina (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1986). Return to page 1

⁹ Roger Kaye, Queen in identity crisis, Fort Worth Star-Telegram (Fort Worth, TX), 3 August 1980, 1D, 4D, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Mark Blake, Freddie Mercury: A Kind of Magic (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 2016), 107-108; Mark Blake, Is This the Real Life: The Untold Story of Queen (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2010), 232-234, 236-237; Lesley-Ann Jones, Mercury: An Intimate Biography of Freddie Mercury (New York: A Touchstone Book published by Simon & Schuster 2012), 180, 188, 192; Matt Richards and Mark Langthorne, Somebody to Love: The Life, Death, and Legacy of Freddie Mercury (Weldon Owen, 2016). 162-164. Return to page 3

¹⁰ Daniel Bukszpan, The Encyclopedia of New Wave (New York: Sterling, 2012), 242; Jon Bream, Stray Cats hit the road again for first U.S. tour in 15 Years, Edmonton Journal, 28 July 2007, C8, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Bart Mills, Stray Cat Rocker Still Rockin’, The Lima News (Lima, OH), 3 Mar. 2006, EBSCOhost Newspaper Source; Stray Cats | Billboard, https://www.billboard.com/music/stray-cats; Brian Setzer, Interview (Part 1), November 4, 1984 - Rock Influence (Official), YouTube, https://youtu.be/4j6q8Wbk_Uc; Kristine Mckenna, Stray Cats at the Palladium, Los Angeles Times, 23 August 1982, Part IV, pages 3, 5, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Randy Lewis, Buzz cuts, Rockabilly: Return to the 50’s, Los Angeles Times, 3 September 1982, Part V, page 1, 6, 7, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Robert Hilburn, That’s a Funny Thing About The Stray Cats ….Even Old People Like Them, Los Angeles Times, 9 January 1983, Calendar, 1, 54, 55, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 4

¹¹ Daniel Bukszpan, The Encyclopedia of New Wave (New York: Sterling, 2012), 242; Jon Bream, Stray Cats hit the road again for first U.S. tour in 15 Years, Edmonton Journal, 28 July 2007, C8, Newspapers.com by Ancestry;; George Varga, Brian Setzer talks big band swing, rockabilly romps, 2017 solo plans, Surfdog and more, The San Diego Union-Tribune, 14 Dec. 2016, EBSCOhost Newspaper Source. Return to page 4

¹² Fred Schruers, Billy Joel: The Definitive Biography (New York: Crown Archetype, 2014), 164-177; Billy Joel Talks About The Album An Innocent Man - SiriusXM 2016, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JISbEC3_BYo. Return to page 5

¹³ Billy Joel, An Innocent Man, Columbia Records/CBS, 1983, compact disc; Fred Schruers, Billy Joel: The Definitive Biography (New York: Crown Archetype, 2014), 172-177; Billy Joel | Billboard, https://www.billboard.com/music/billy-joel/chart-history/hot-100/2; Billy Joel Talks About The Album An Innocent Man - SiriusXM 2016, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JISbEC3_BYo ; Ken Bielen, The Words and Music of Billy Joel, The Praeger Singer-Songwriter Collection (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2011), 63-68; Dick Hogan, Billy Joel Revives Rock’s Golden Era with New Release, The Gazette (Cedar Rapids, IA), 21 October 1983, 1B, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; J.D Considine, Billy Joel succeeds with ‘An Innocent Man’ as he dips into his musical roots, The Baltimore Sun, 21 August 1983, D15, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 5

¹⁴ The Honeydrippers, The Honeydrippers, Volume One, Rhino, 2007, compact disc; The Hot 100 Chart | Billboard, Week of January 5, 1985, https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1985-01-05; Robert Plant Interview with Paul Gambaccini 1984, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qB8SwkySvXw; Robert Plant 1985 David Letterman, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6_uNpB8kS8; Robert Plant Interview Oct 2017, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiUWa3-LuFE; Robert Plant talks The Honeydrippers Recorded: 1984 (with Mal Reding), http://malreding.com/interview/robert-plant/. Return to page 6

¹⁵ Robert Plant talks The Honeydrippers, Recorded: 1984 (with Mal Reding), http://malreding.com/interview/robert-plant/. Return to page 6

¹⁶ John Mellencamp - R.O.C.K. In The U.S.A. (A Salute To 60’s Rock), YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgtmStUrXMQ; John Mellencamp 1985 Scarecrow Feature (MTV Presents interview), YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUyroA3fcv4; I Fought the Law was originally written by Sonny Curtis of the Crickets. For more info about the Bobby Fuller Four, see Norm N. Nite with Ralph M. Newman, Rock On: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock n’ Roll – The Modern Years: 1964-Present Volume II (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, Publishers, 1978), 188; John Mellencamp, Authority Song, Uh-huh, Mercury, 1983, compact disc. Return to page 7

¹⁷ John Mellencamp - R.O.C.K. In The U.S.A. (A Salute To 60’s Rock), YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgtmStUrXMQ; John Mellencamp 1985 Scarecrow Feature (MTV Presents interview), YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUyroA3fcv4; The Hot 100 Chart | Billboard, Week of April 5, 1986, https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1986-04-05. Return to page 7

¹⁸ Tim O’Connor, Rock groups rummage through golden oldies for hits, Albemi Valley Times (Albemi, British Columbia) 4 September 1987, Spectrum section, 9, 10, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Gazette staff reports and wire services, Stations giving listeners what they want, programmers claim, The Gazette (Cedar Rapids, IA), 8 August 1986, 2c, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 8

¹⁹ Daniel Bukszpan, The Encyclopedia of New Wave (New York: Sterling, 2012), 44 (info about Bow Wow Wow); Norm Nite, Rock On: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock n’ Roll – The Solid Gold Years (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, Publishers, 1974), 29-31 (info about Beach Boys), 320-321 (info about Isley Brothers), 592-594 (info about Supremes); Norm N. Nite with Ralph M. Newman, Rock On: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock n’ Roll – The Modern Years: 1964-Present Volume II (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, Publishers, 1978), 27-31 (The Beatles and their hits), 468 (The Strrangeloves), 503-504 (The Troggs); Norm N. Nite with Charles Crespo, Rock On: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock n’ Roll – The Video Revolution: 1978-Present, Volume 3 (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1985), (Soft Cell) 323-324; Back to School, directed by Alan Metter (1986; Santa Monica, CA: MGM, [2000?]), DVD. Return to page 8

²⁰ Norm N. Nite with Charles Crespo, Rock On: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock n’ Roll – The Video Revolution: 1978-Present, Volume 3 (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1985), 375; Mark Hinson, UB40’s reggae rocks Civic Center tonight, Tallahassee Democrat, 2 December 1988, 10E, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Daniel Bukszpan, The Encyclopedia of New Wave (New York: Sterling, 2012), 263; Roger Catlin, UB40 is optimistic after song’s success in U.S., Hartford Courant, 24 November 1988, Calendar section page 4, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 9

²¹ Mark Dillon, Fifty Sides of the Beach Boys: The Songs that Tell their Story (Toronto: ECW Press, 2012), 242-249; Johnny Morgan, The Beach Boys: America’s Band (New York: Sterling, 2015), 201-215. Return to page 11

²² Mark Dillon, Fifty Sides of the Beach Boys: The Songs that Tell their Story (Toronto: ECW Press,2012), 248-254; Johnny Morgan, The Beach Boys: America’s Band (New York: Sterling, 2015), 206-217; Mark Marymond, Back to the beach: New songs sparkle on Beach Boys album, The Springfield News-Leader (Springfield, MO), 23 June 1985, 7J, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Steve Appleford, Beach Boys riding the wave of ‘Kokomo’s’ success, Hartford Courant, 24 November 1988, Calendar section page 9, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Tom Osborne, The sounds of summer have sounded better, The Evening Sun (Baltimore, MD), 11 July 1985, C1, C2, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 11

²³ Mark Dillon, Fifty Sides of the Beach Boys: The Songs that Tell their Story (Toronto: ECW Press, 2012), 255-267; Johnny Morgan, The Beach Boys: America’s Band (New York: Sterling, 2015), 208, 217-225; Bob Greene, Fun, fun, fun: Barbara Ann bows to newest Barbie Doll, The Jackson Sun (Jackson, TN), 10 March 1988, 5B, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; MAKE IT JAMAICA AGAIN 1981 TOURISM TV COMMERCIAL, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPCqtP0YETY; It’s Better in the Bahamas, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQP6aDFGAF4; Steve Appleford, Beach Boys riding the wave of ‘Kokomo’s’ success, Hartford Courant, 24 November 1988, Calendar section page 9, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 11

²⁴ Mark Dillon, Fifty Sides of the Beach Boys: The Songs that Tell their Story (Toronto: ECW Press, 2012), 266; Johnny Morgan, The Beach Boys: America’s Band (New York: Sterling, 2015), 217, 224-225. Return to page 11

²⁵ Tim Riley, Lennon: The Man, the Myth, the Music – The Definitive Life (New York: Hyperion, 2011), 460-605. Return to page 12

²⁶ Tim Riley, Lennon: The Man, the Myth, the Music – The Definitive Life (New York: Hyperion, 2011), 605-628, 635. Return to page 12

²⁷ Tim Riley, Lennon: The Man, the Myth, the Music – The Definitive Life (New York: Hyperion, 2011), 628-661; Christopher Sandford, McCartney (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2006), 279-282; The Associated Press, Tributes pour in, albums flow out, Argus Leader (Sioux Falls, SD), 10 December 1980, 8B, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Billboard chart-toppers, The Newark Advocate (Newark, OH), 4 March 1984, 6B, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 12

²⁸ Cliff Radel, Julian Lennon: I’m not trying to copy John, Star-Gazette (Elmira, NY), 19 December 1984, 1C, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Mark Wyckoff, Finding the road to resolution, Tuscon Citizen (Tuscon, AZ), 12 August 1999, 21, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Linda R. Thornton, Julian Lennon: A musical legacy lives on, The Miami Herald, 29 March 1985, 1D, 12D, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Julian Lennon Gets Candid About His Late Father, The Beatles’ John Lennon, YouTube, https://youtu.be/Zj_tnx6DTzM. Return to page 12

²⁹ Christopher Sandford, McCartney (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2006), 270-279. Return to page 13

³⁰ Christopher Sandford, McCartney (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2006), 282-298. Jon Youngren, McCartney film is disappointing, The Daily Utah Chronicle (Salt Lake City, UT), 26 October 1984, 9, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 13

³¹ Christopher Sandford, McCartney (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2006), 285-305; Steve James, Beatles near end of long and winding legal road, The Salt Lake Tribune, 1 June 1988, B3, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Tim Riley, Lennon: The Man, the Myth, the Music – The Definitive Life (New York: Hyperion, 2011), 655.Return to page 13

³² Christopher Sandford, McCartney (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2006), 287-308. Steve James, Beatles near end of long and winding legal road, The Salt Lake Tribune, 1 June 1988, B3, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Tim Riley, Lennon: The Man, the Myth, the Music – The Definitive Life (New York: Hyperion, 2011), 659.Return to page 13

³³ Gerald L. Posner, Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power (New York: Random House, 2002), 2-3, 32-34, 241, 280-285, 289-292, 300-303; Adam White with Barney Ales, Motown: The Sound of Young America (London: Thames & Hudson, 2016), 26, 32-33, 142-148. Return to page 14

³⁴ Gerald L. Posner, Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power (New York: Random House, 2002), 78-80, 111, 152-153, 155, 226, 254. Return to page 14

³⁵ Gerald L. Posner, Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power (New York: Random House, 2002), 267, 271-272, 289, 320-321. Return to page 14

³⁶ Gerald L. Posner, Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power (New York: Random House, 2002), 73-74, 75, 96-97, 105, 160-161, 224-225, 226, 252-254, 267,271, 316-318. Return to page 14

³⁷ Gerald L. Posner, Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power (New York: Random House, 2002), 295-297, 316-318; Penelope McMillan, Missing Insurance Letter of Little Import Prompted Gaye Shooting, Police Say, Los Angeles Times, 4 April 1984, Part II, page 4, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Jim Sullivan, Commodores regroup, rebound, The Boston Globe, 25 May 1985, 26, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 14

³⁸ Gerald L. Posner, Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power (New York: Random House, 2002), 305-310, 323-324; Sheryl Lee Ralph, Redefining Diva: Life Lessons from the Original Dreamgirl (New York: Gallery Books | Karen Hunter Publishing, 2011), 124-125; Mark Ribowsky, Ain’t Too Proud to Beg: The Troubled Lives and Enduring Soul of the Temptations (Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010), 273-275; Steve Pond, Motown Records’ 25th birthday party draws top stars, Lubbock Evening Journal (Lubbock, TX), 20 May 1983, 20-C, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 15

³⁹ Jonathan Taylor, Hall & Oates repay old debt to Temptations, Fort Lauderdale News, 21 September 1985, 7D, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; John Oates with Chris Epting, Changes of Seasons: A Memoir (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2017), 52-53, 271-272; Mark Ribowsky, Ain’t Too Proud to Beg: The Troubled Lives and Enduring Soul of the Temptations (Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010), 274-279. Return to page 16

⁴⁰ Mike Curtin, Group uses ABCs of Motown, The Post-Star (Glens Falls, NY), 11 October 1987, 6, 33, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Duncan Strauss, When Smokey Robinson Sings, His Colleagues Become Fans, The Los Angeles Times, 12 December 1987, Part IV, page 11, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 17

⁴¹ Mark Bego, Aretha Franklin: The Queen of Soul, 2012 ed. (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2012), 149-151; David Ritz, Respect: The Life of Aretha Franklin (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2014), 320-321. Return to page 18

⁴² Mark Bego, Aretha Franklin: The Queen of Soul, 2012 ed. (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2012), 151-199; David Ritz, Respect: The Life of Aretha Franklin (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2014), 322-364. Return to page 18

⁴³ Mark Bego, Aretha Franklin: The Queen of Soul, 2012 ed.(New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2012), 203-207; David Ritz, Respect: The Life of Aretha Franklin (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2014), 365-373. Return to page 18

⁴⁴ Keith L. Thomas, Aretha Franklin’s gospel album is heaven sent, The Atlanta Constitution (Atlanta, GA), 17 January 1988, 10 J, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Mark Bego, Aretha Franklin: The Queen of Soul, 2012 ed. (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2012), 217-226; David Ritz, Respect: The Life of Aretha Franklin (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2014), 374-377. Return to page 18

⁴⁵ Geoff Brown, The Life of James Brown (New York: Omnibus Press, 2008), 165-177; R.J. Smith, The One: The Life and Music of James Brown (New York, Gotham Books, 2012), 308-339. Return to page 19

⁴⁶ Geoff Brown, The Life of James Brown (New York: Omnibus Press, 2008), 165-166, 179-181; R.J. Smith, The One: The Life and Music of James Brown (New York, Gotham Books, 2012), 340-344; Couple’s Rap Sheet Documents Trouble, The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 12 December 1988, 4B, Newspapers.com by Ancestry (provides a list of numerous incidents the Browns had with police during 1988); Bill George, James Brown Facing Multiple Charges Following Police Chase in Georgia, S.C., The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 25 September 1988, 4B, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Mike Christensen, Brown Sentenced to 6 Years in Prison, The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 16 December 1988, 24A, Newspapers.com by Ancestry (provides a partial account of the September 24 events); Jim Auchmutey, The Decline of James Brown, The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 12 December 1988, 1B, 4B, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 19

⁴⁷ Geoff Brown, The Life of James Brown (New York: Omnibus Press, 2008), 181-183, 198; R.J. Smith, The One: The Life and Music of James Brown (New York, Gotham Books, 2012), 343-349, 374-375; Jim Auchmutey, The Decline of James Brown, The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 12 December 1988, 1B, 4B, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Bill George, James Brown Facing Multiple Charges Following Police Chase in Georgia, S.C., The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 25 September 1988, 4B, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Mike Christensen, Brown Sentenced to 6 Years in Prison, The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 16 December 1988, 17A, 24A, Newspapers.com by Ancestry (Report on the Aiken County, South Carolina sentencing); Bill George, Singer Gets 6 Years in Georgia Car Chase, The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 24 January 1989, 13A, 15A, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Bill George, Activist Starts Crusade to Free James Brown, The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 19 December 1988, 4A, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; [Associated Press], Law slaps Zsa Zsa with fine, sentence, The Kokomo Tribune (Kokomo, IN), 25 October 1989, 11; Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 19

⁴⁸ Mark Katz, Groove Music: The Art and Culture of the Hip Hop DJ (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 14-15, 20-21, 24-25. Return to page 20

⁴⁹ R.J. Smith, The One: The Life and Music of James Brown (New York, Gotham Books, 2012), 329; Andre Millard, America on Record: A History of Recorded Sound (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 358-362; Alex Ogg with David Upshal, The Hip Hop Years: A History of Rap (New York: Fromm International, 2001), 36, 102-104 (sampling); Zack O’Malley Greenburg, 3 Kings: Diddy, Dr. Dre, Jay-Z and Hip-Hop’s Multibillion-Dollar Rise (New York, Little Brown & Co., 2018), 33 (contains Dr. Dre’s influences); Chuck D, Chuck D Presents This Day in Rap and Hip-Hop History, Forward by Shepard Fairey (New York: Black Dog and Leventhal Publishers, Hachette Book Group, 2017), 39 (contains info about Kool Moe Dee’s How Ya Like Me Now); Ben Westhoff, Original Gangstas: The Untold Story of Dr. Dre, Easy-E, Ice Cube, Tupac Shakur, and the Birth of West Coast Rap (New York: Hachette Books, 2016), 24 (contains info on Dr. Dre’s 1982 creation and contains Master of Mixology quote); Jon Horn, Lawsuits challenge rap ‘sampling’, The Home News (New Brunswick, NJ), 22 May 1989, B7, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 20

⁵⁰ Ellis Amburn, Dark Star: The Roy Orbison Story (New York, Carol Publishing Group, 1990), 170-172, 174-175, 178, 180-181; John Kruth, Rhapsody in Black: The Life and Music of Roy Orbison (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 2013), 176-179; Roy Orbison, Billboard, https://www.billboard.com/music/roy-orbison. Return to page 21

⁵¹ Ellis Amburn, Dark Star: The Roy Orbison Story (New York, Carol Publishing Group, 1990), 185; John Kruth, Rhapsody in Black: The Life and Music of Roy Orbison (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 2013), 180-181. Return to page 21

⁵² Ellis Amburn, Dark Star: The Roy Orbison Story (New York, Carol Publishing Group, 1990), 192-193; John Kruth, Rhapsody in Black: The Life and Music of Roy Orbison (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 2013), 196; For an analysis of In Dreams and other oldies tunes usage in Blue Velvet, see Michael D. Dwyer, Back to the Fifties: Nostalgia, Hollywood Film, and Popular Music of the Seventies and Eighties (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 98-103, Oxford Scholarship Online. Return to page 21

⁵³ Ellis Amburn, Dark Star: The Roy Orbison Story (New York, Carol Publishing Group, 1990),192-208; John Kruth, Rhapsody in Black: The Life and Music of Roy Orbison (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 2013), 196-201. Return to page 21

⁵⁴ Ellis Amburn, Dark Star: The Roy Orbison Story (New York, Carol Publishing Group, 1990), 193, 211-216; John Kruth, Rhapsody in Black: The Life and Music of Roy Orbison (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 2013), 209-211; Roy Orbison, Mystery Girl (Virgin Records America, 1989), compact disc. Return to page 21

⁵⁵ Ellis Amburn, Dark Star: The Roy Orbison Story (New York, Carol Publishing Group, 1990), 217-219; Graeme Thomson, George Harrison: Beyond the Locked Door (New York: Omnibus Press, 2013), 342-353; Clinton Heylin. Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited (New York: William Morrow, 2001), 625-628; John Kruth, Rhapsody in Black: The Life and Music of Roy Orbison (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 2013), 203-205. Return to page 21

⁵⁶ George Harrison: living in the material world, Grove Street Pictures, Spitfire Pictures, Sikelia Productions, directed by Martin Scorsese ; produced by Olivia Harrison, Nigel Sinclair, Martin Scorsese (Santa Monica, CA : Universal Music Enterprises, [2012]), DVD. Return to page 21

⁵⁷ The True History of the Traveling Willburys, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OU-7GX8s0dA; Ellis Amburn, Dark Star: The Roy Orbison Story (New York, Carol Publishing Group, 1990), 22, 219-221; Graeme Thomson, George Harrison: Beyond the Locked Door (New York: Omnibus Press, 2013), 353-354; John Kruth, Rhapsody in Black: The Life and Music of Roy Orbison (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 2013), 205-206. Return to page 21

⁵⁸ The Traveling Wilburys, Volume One (Wilbury Records, 1988), compact disc; The True History of the Traveling Willburys, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OU-7GX8s0dA; Ellis Amburn, Dark Star: The Roy Orbison Story (New York, Carol Publishing Group, 1990), 22, 221-223, 236; Graeme Thomson, George Harrison: Beyond the Locked Door (New York: Omnibus Press, 2013), 353-356; Clinton Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited (New York: William Morrow, 2001), 528-628; John Kruth, Rhapsody in Black: The Life and Music of Roy Orbison (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 2013), 206. Return to page 21

⁵⁹ The True History of the Traveling Willburys, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OU-7GX8s0dA; John Kruth, Rhapsody in Black: The Life and Music of Roy Orbison (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 2013), 175, 200, 212-213; Ellis Amburn, Dark Star: The Roy Orbison Story (New York, Carol Publishing Group, 1990), 35, 67, 109, 118, 132-133, 146-151, 157-162, 175-179, 223-236; Roy Orbison, Billboard, https://www.billboard.com/music/roy-orbison. Return to page 21

⁶⁰ Michael Lydon, Ray Charles: Man and Music (New York: Riverhead Books, 1998), 341-355. Return to page 22

⁶¹ Paul West, In the battle for Old Glory, Reagan is still the champ, Tuscon Citizen (Tuscon, AZ), 24 August 1984, 6A, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Dave Barry, It’s hard to clap while using just your right hand, The Miami Herald, 26 August 1984, 18A, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Frederick Burger, Republicans aim to put on a show, Anniston Star (Anniston, AL), 19 August 1984, 1A, 16A, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Michael Lydon, Ray Charles: Man and Music (New York: Riverhead Books, 1998), 353-370. Return to page 22

⁶² Ted Harrison, The Death and Resurrection of Elvis Presley (London: Reaktion Books, 2016), 15-16, 26-27, 29; Jay Struller, Legends That Will Not Die, Saturday Evening Post (July/August 1985), 42 EBSCO MasterFILE Premier; John D. Gonzalez, Weekend’s Best, Lansing State Journal (Lansing, MI), 30 July 1988, 1D, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Frank DeCaro, Elvis Lives? Kalamazoo is abuzz with rumor, The Times Herald (Port Huron, MI), 24 May 1988, 7A, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 23

⁶³ Ted Harrison, The Death and Resurrection of Elvis Presley (London, Reaktion Books, 2016), 40-41. Return to page 23

⁶⁴ Eddie Murphy, Delirious (Beverly Hills, CA: Entertainment Studios Home Entertainment, 2009), DVD; Search YouTube for Delirious clips; Roseanne, Seasons 1-8 (Troy, MI: Anchor Bay Entertainment, 2013), DVD; Search YouTube for John Goodman Elvis impersonations; Paul Simon, Graceland: 25th Anniversary edition, Legacy, distributed by Sony, 2012, compact disc. Return to page 23

⁶⁵ Ted Harrison, The Death and Resurrection of Elvis Presley (London: Reaktion Books, 2016), 44-63; Jay Struller, Legends That Will Not Die, Saturday Evening Post (July/August 1985), 42-45 EBSCO MasterFILE Premier; The King’s Ransom: Gone seven years. Elvis Presley lives on as a billion–dollar industry, Life (August 1984), 76-82 Life Magazine Archive; Fleming Meeks, Elvis Lives, Forbes (August 21, 1989), 104, Forbes Archive; Danielle and Andy Mayoras, Lisa Marie Presley and the Rise and Fall Of The Elvis Estate, Forbes (27 March 2019), https://www.forbes.com/sites/trialandheirs/2019/03/27/lisa-marie-presley-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-elvis-estate/#28b5652f62cf; About Graceland, https://www.graceland.com/about-graceland. Return to page 23

⁶⁶ Christopher H. Sterling, Michael C. Keith, Sounds of Change: A History of FM Broadcasting in America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2008), 155-159, 162-167, 172-174; New life for golden oldies: shifting age demographics cited for new interest in oldies format,, Broadcasting (5 Dec. 1988), 58+. Gale Business Insights: Global; Dee Ann Rexroat, Classic rock makes inroads on radio airtime, The Gazette (Cedar Rapids, IA), 8 August 1986, 2c, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Gazette staff reports and wire services, Stations giving listeners what they want, programmers claim, The Gazette (Cedar Rapids, IA), 8 August 1986, 2c, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Linda Thornton, Oldies are on the upbeat, The Miami Herald, 21 May 1986, 3E, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 24

⁶⁷ Bernice Kanner, The 100 Best TV Commercials...and Why They Worked (New York, Times Books, 1999), 25-26; Levi’s Commercial – Launderette, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wT4DR_ae_4o. Return to page 25

⁶⁸ Bernice Kanner, The 100 Best TV Commercials...and Why They Worked (New York, Times Books, 1999), 104. Levi’s 1989 Pickup (Be My Baby), YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bo_LCroJ7QA. Return to page 25

⁶⁹ David Martin, Romancing the Brand : The Power of Advertising and How to Use It (New York: AMACOM, 1989), 106-107, 132. Various versions of the commercial may be viewed on YouTube. Return to page 25

⁷⁰ Richard Simmons, Still Hungry – After All These Years: My Story (New York: GT Publishing, 1999), 194, 200, 204-205, 212, 238-240-246. Return to page 26

⁷¹ Richard Simmons, Still Hungry – After All These Years: My Story (New York: GT Publishing, 1999), 246-250. Return to page 26

⁷² La Bamba. Internet Movie Database. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0093378/?ref_=nv_sr_3; Michael Blowen, Ritchie Valens is Reborn in La Bamba, The Times-Leader (Wilkes-Barre, PA), 24 July 1987, 1D, 5D, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; George Varga, Los Lobos an Enduring Musical Force, The San Diego Union-Tribune, 30 Dec. 2015. EBSCO Newspaper Source; La Bamba, written and directed by Luis Valdez (1987; Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, [2005]), DVD; La Bamba, original motion picture soundtrack (Slash Records/Warner Bros., 1987), compact disc. Return to page 27

⁷³ Rick Bragg, Jerry Lee Lewis: His Own Story (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2014), 438-440; Jack Garner, Goodness Gracious: Legendary Jerry Lee Lewis still dazzles with what he does best – sing and survive, Lansing State Journal (Lansing, MI), 30 June 1989, 1D, 4D, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Great Balls of Fire!, Orion Pictures, screenplay by Jack Baran and Jim McBride, produced by Adam Fields, directed by Jim McBride (Santa Monica, CA : Metro Goldwyn Mayer Home Entertainment [2002], c1989), DVD; Jerry Lee Lewis, Great Balls of Fire! Polydor, 1989) compact disc.; Great Balls of Fire! (1989). Internet Movie Database, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097457/?ref_=nv_sr_1 HYPERLINK. Return to page 27

⁷⁴ P.F. Kluge, Eddie and the Cruisers (New York: Viking Press, 1980); P. F. Kluge, Eddie and the Cruisers ([Santa Monica, Calif.]: MGM Home Entertainment, 2008), DVD; Edgers Geoff, The Untold Story of A box-office bomb that became a cult classic. The Washington Post, 24 April 2015, Gale Business Insights: Global; Jon Bream, ‘Eddie and Cruisers’ traveling nowhere fast, Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN), 23 September 1983, 2C, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 28

⁷⁵ Edgers Geoff, The Untold Story of A box-office bomb that became a cult classic. The Washington Post, 24 April 2015, Gale Business Insights: Global; John Cafferty and the Beaver Brown Band, P. F. Kluge, Eddie and the Cruisers: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (New York: Zomba Recording Corp, 1983), compact disc. Return to page 28

⁷⁶ Phil Gallo, The power of gray: the heart of rock ‘n’ roll … is outside TV’s demo dreams, Billboard, vol. 125, no. 16, 27 Apr. 2013, Gale Business Insights: Global. Return to page 29

⁷⁷ Back to the Future (Universal City, Calif: Universal Studios Home Entertainment, 2009), DVD; Back to the Future: Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack (London: BMG Music International (Europe), 1991), compact disc. Return to page 29

⁷⁸ Back to the Future (1985), Internet Movie Database, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088763/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1; Back to the Future Part II (1989), Internet MoPvie Database, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096874/?ref_=nv_sr_2; Patrick Taggart, Safe film a winner for Coppola, Austin American-Statesman (Austin, TX), 10 October 1986, F1, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Peggy Sue Got Married, directed by Francis Coppola (1986; Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment, [2004}), DVD; Peggy Sue Got Married: original motion picture soundtrack (North Hollywood, Calif.: Varese Sarabande, 1986), compact disc. Return to page 29

⁷⁹ The Big Chill, 15th anniversary edition (United States: Columbia TriStar Home Video, 1998), DVD; The Big Chill: a reunion (documentary), The Big Chill, 15th anniversary edition (United States: Columbia TriStar Home Video, 1998), DVD; The Big Chill: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, Motown, 1998, compact disc; Gerald L. Posner, Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power (New York: Random House, 2002), 315; David R. Shumway, Rock ‘n’ Roll Sound Tracks and the Production of Nostalgia, Cinema Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Winter, 1999), 43-44, JSTOR http://www.jstor.org/stable/1225623; Jim Killackey, Rock ‘n’ Roll That Was Here to Stay Returns to AM Dial, The Sunday Oklahoman (Oklahoma City, OK) 15 June 1986, Entertainment and Arts page 4, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 30

⁸⁰ Michael D. Dwyer, Back to the Fifties: Nostalgia, Hollywood Film, and Popular Music of the Seventies and Eighties (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 80, 85, 103-111 (analysis of the 1988 Hairspray movie and soundtrack), Oxford Scholarship Online; Stand by Me, directed by Rob Reiner (1986; Columbia TriStar Home Video, 2000), DVD; Norm Nite, Rock On: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock n’ Roll – The Solid Gold Years (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, Publishers, 1974), 96 (contains info about The Champs); Pee-Wee’s Big Adventure, directed by Tim Burton (1985: Warner Home Video, 2008), DVD; Diner, written and directed by Barry Levinson (1982, Warner Home Video, 2010), DVD; DINER; ORIGINAL SOUNDTRACK (review), Daily Record (Morristown, NJ), 23 May 1982, C8, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Hairspray, directed by John Waters (1988; New Line Home Entertainment, 2002), DVD; Top Gun, directed by Tony Scott (1986; ), DVD; Bill Medley with Mike Marino, The Time of My Life: A Righteous Brother’s Memoir (Boston: Da Capo Press, 2014), 137. Return to page 31

⁸¹ Greg Tozian, ‘Risky Business’ is a safe bet, The Tampa Tribune, 8 August 1983, 1-D, 7-D, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; D Bob Talbert, A magnum of interest, Detroit Free Press, 13 November 1983, E1, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Bill King, Quck Cuts, The Atlanta Constitution & Atlanta Journal Weekend, 8 October 1983, 21, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Dennis Hunt, Seger: Hard Work and Low Profile, Los Angeles Times, 16 January 1983, Calendar page 55, 56, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Steve Morse, Bob Seger, guardian of Rock, doesn’t follow trends, The Waterloo Courier (Waterloo, IA), 30 June 1983, B-5, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; David Adams, New Wave just a fad, Florida Today (Cocoa, FL), 23 July 1983, 6A, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Michael D. Dwyer, Back to the Fifties: Nostalgia, Hollywood Film, and Popular Music of the Seventies and Eighties (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 87-91, Oxford Scholarship Online. Return to page 32

⁸² Annette Funicello with Patricia Romanowski, A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes: My Story (New York: Hyperion, 1994), 185-186. Return to page 33

⁸³ Annette Funicello with Patricia Romanowski, A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes: My Story (New York: Hyperion, 1994), 186-190, 201; Marshall Fine, Avalon, Funicello are back on the beach again, Florida Today (Cocoa, FL), 7 August 1987, TGIF Page 10, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Deborah Jerome, ‘Back to the Beach’ a return to nowhere, The Record (Hackensack, NJ), 10 August 1987, B-6, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Danny Mogle; Frankie, Annette Are ‘Back On The Beach,’ The Tyler Courrier-Times (Tyler, TX), 14 August 1987, Sec. 4, page 2, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 33

⁸⁴ Sheryl Lee Ralph, Redefining Diva: Life Lessons from the Original Dreamgirl (New York: Gallery Books | Karen Hunter Publishing, 2011), 74-104. Return to page 34

⁸⁵ Sheryl Lee Ralph, Redefining Diva: Life Lessons from the Original Dreamgirl (New York: Gallery Books | Karen Hunter Publishing, 2011), 3, 85-108, 123-128, 141-142; Jon Bream, Group name remains Supreme for Wilson, Minneapolis Star and Tribune, 9 September 1983, 1C, 16C, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 34

⁸⁶ Dirty Dancing (Santa Monica, CA : Lionsgate, 2017), DVD; Dirty Dancing (motion picture soundtrack), Sony Music Entertainment, 2012. compact disc;: Bill Medley with Mike Marino, The Time of My Life: A Righteous Brother’s Memoir (Boston: Da Capo Press, 2014), 138-140;.David R. Shumway, Rock ‘n’ Roll Sound Tracks and the Production of Nostalgia, Cinema Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Winter, 1999), 41, 45-47: JSTOR http://www.jstor.org/stable/1225623; Dirty Dancing (1987), Internet Movie Database, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092890/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0. Return to page 35

⁸⁷ Sixteen Candles: Flashback Edition (Universal City, CA: Universal Studios Home Entertainment, 2008). DVD; Pretty in Pink (Hollywood, CA : Paramount Home Entertainment, c2006), DVD; Karaoke masculinity and karaoke fantasy is discussed in Michael D. Dwyer, Back to the Fifties: Nostalgia, Hollywood Film, and Popular Music of the Seventies and Eighties (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 92-98, Oxford Scholarship Online; Gazette staff reports and wire services, Stations giving listeners what they want, programmers claim, The Gazette (Cedar Rapids, IA), 8 August 1986, 2c, Newspapers.com by Ancestry; Christmas Vacation ([United States] : Warner Home Video, 2003), DVD; Trains, Planes, and Automobiles (Hollywood, Calif. : Paramount Pictures, 1987, 2014), DVD; Kirk Honeycutt, John Hughes: A Life in Film (New York: Race Point Publishing, 2015), 55-66, 89, 104-106, 144-145. Return to page 36

⁸⁸ Kirk Honeycutt, John Hughes: A Life in Film (New York: Race Point Publishing, 2015), 106-113; Ferris Bueller’s Day Off (Hollywood, CA : Paramount Home Entertainment, c2006), DVD; Gazette staff reports and wire services, Stations giving listeners what they want, programmers claim, The Gazette (Cedar Rapids, IA), 8 August 1986, 2c, Newspapers.com by Ancestry. Return to page 36

⁸⁹ Curtis Armstrong, Revenge of the Nerd*, *or . . .the Singular Adventures of the Man Who Would be Booger: a Memoir (New York : Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin’s Press, 2017), 236-269; Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz, TV (The Book): Two Experts Pick the Greatest American Shows of All Time (New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2016), 180-182; Cybill Shepherd with Aimee Lee Ball, Cybill Disobedience (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 199-213, 219, 222-231; Robert J. Thompson, Television’s Second Golden Age: From Hill Street Blues to ER (New York: Continuum, 1996), 109-121. Return to page 37

⁹⁰ Curtis Armstrong, Revenge of the Nerd*, *or . . .the Singular Adventures of the Man Who Would be Booger: a Memoir (New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2017), 250; Moonlighting. Seasons One and Two (Santa Monica, Calif.: ABC, Inc.: Lions Gate Home Entertainment, [2005] ), DVD. Return to page 37

⁹¹ H.F. Waters and A. Cohen. Rock Royalty, Newsweek, Vol. 115, issue 5, 29 Jan. 1990): 79, EBSCOhost. MAS Ultra School Edition; Jeffrey Ressner, Hall of Fame Groundbreaking near, Rolling Stone, Issue 608/609 (11 July 1991): 21, Gale General OneFile. Steve Futterman, Hall of Fame Inductees Announced, Rolling Stone Issue 670 (25 Nov. 1993): 17, EBSCOhost. MAS Ultra School Edition; Steve Dougherty and Alexander Bryan, Rock of Ages, People, 44, no. 12 (18 Sept. 1995): 226. EBSCOhost MasterFiILE Premier; For criticism about The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame and other rock museums, see Chapter 5 of John Strausbaugh, Rock Til You Drop (New York: Verso, 2001), 173-189. Return to page 38

⁹² Christopher H. Sterling and Michael C. Keith, Sounds of Change: A History of FM Broadcasting in America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 189-190; Thom Geier, Here, There and Everywhere, U.S. News & World Report, 116, Issue. 4 (31 Jan. 1994): 18, EBSCOHost MAS Ultra School Edition; John Strausbaugh, Rock Til You Drop (New York: Verso, 2001), 2, 10. Return to page 39