1
News Report of Three Addresses in Milwaukee,
24 March 1912, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924), ed. Arthur S. Link (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966-1994), 24: 260-261 (p. 261 contains quote). Return to page 2
2
Poland: A Country Study, ed. Glenn E. Curtis (Washington D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1994), 8; For a brief history of Poland from its beginnings up to 1989, see Chapter 1: Historical Setting
in Poland: A Country Study; For a more detailed history of Poland up to the 1960’s, see Oskar Halecki, History of Poland (New York: Daniel McKay Company, Inc, 1976). Return to page 3
3 H. H. Fisher, America and the New Poland (New York: Macmillan Company, 1928), 62-69; Louis L. Gerson, Woodrow Wilson and the Rebirth of Poland 1914-1920. A Study in the Influence of American Policy of Minority Groups of Foreign Origin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953), 16; Martin Gilbert, First World War (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1994), 44. The full name of Grand Duke Nicholas is Nikolai Nikolaevich Romanov. Return to page 4
4
For an overview of the Wilson Administration’s foreign policy as a neutral, see Chapter 7 Neutrality and War
in Kendrick A. Clements, The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson (Lawrence, KA: University Press of Kansas, 1992). Quote is in words of Walter Hines Page in his letter to Wilson regarding his conversation with the two Denton associates. Excerpts of a Letter from Walter Hines Page to Woodrow Wilson, 10 November, 1914, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 31: 294n1. Return to page 4
5
Sir Cecil Arthur Spring Rice to Sir Edward Grey, 3 June and 6 June 1915, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 33: 333 (contains restoration
quote), 347 (Poland restored
is the wording used by this correspondence); Edward Mandell House to Woodrow Wilson, 10 August 1915, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 34: 159 (contains quote); For more on the relationship between President Wilson and Colonel House, see Alexander L. George and Julliette L. George, Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House: A Personality Study (New York: John Day Company, [1956]; New York: Dover Publications, Inc., [1964]); Fisher, 71; The German Chancellor in a speech to the Reichstag promised that Poland would never be given up without security provisions. The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 36: 444n1-445; The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 37: 44n1. Return to page 4
6
Germany’s Promise to Poland. Proclamation by the Central Powers Promising Autonomy to Conquered Provinces,
Current History 5(3) (December 1916): 470-472; The Teutonic Attempt to Solve the Polish Question,
Current History 5(5) (February 1917): 861-864; Titus Komarnicki, Rebirth of the Polish Republic. A Study in the Diplomatic History of Europe, 1914-1920 (Toronto: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1957), 148. Return to page 4
7
Woodrow Wilson, America’s Creed of War and Peace,
Current History 4(4) (July 1916): 736-738; Betty Miller Unterberger, The United States and National Self-Determination: A Wilsonian Perspective,
Presidential Studies Quarterly 26(4) (Fall 1996): 930. Return to page 5
8
The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 36: 207n3; Gerson, 69; Lansing, Robert, Our Foreign Policy in This War,
Current History 4(4) (July 1918): 739-740. Return to page 5
9
For the appeals to Wilson for assistance in Polish Relief, see An Address from the Polish Central Relief Committee,
12 July 1916, and A Dialogue with John Franklin Simulski,
[12 July 1916], both in The Papers of Woodrow Wilson,
37: 404-407. For the response of the belligerents to Wilson‘s request, see The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 38: 64-66, 106-107, 391; Joseph Patrick Tumulty to Robert Lansing, 11 October 1916, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 38: 396-397 (p. 397 contains a play for votes
quote; Wilson publicly admitted on 17 October 1916 his failure to get
belligerents to agree to protect shipments of Polish relief. Woodrow Wilson, A Statement,
17 October 1916, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 38: 458;
Gerson credited the Polish vote for Wilson in several key states as a factor in Wilson’s re-election. Gerson, 64-66.Return to page 6
10 Norman Hapgood to Woodrow Wilson, 30 October 1916, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 38: 564. Return to page 6
11
Woodrow Wilson, A Campaign Address in Buffalo,
1 November 1916, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 38: 580-582. All quotes from page 581, except men of different nationalities
quote which is from page 582. Return to page 6
12
From the Diary of Colonel House,
3 January 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 40: 404; Edward Mandell House to Woodrow Wilson, 15 January 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 40: 477. Return to page 7
13
An Address to the Senate,
22 January 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 40: 536-537 (quote contained in p.537); Fisher, 95n3-4; Poland’s Share in Russian Freedom,
Current History 6(3) (June 1917): 488-489. Return to page 7
14 Woodrow Wilson to Joseph Patrick Tumulty, 30 January 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 41: 68(contains quote), 68n1. Return to page 7
15 Woodrow Wilson to Robert Lansing with Enclosure (Krommarschall W. Niemojowski to Woodrow Wilson, c. 31 January 1917), 7 February 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 41: 138-139n2; By the time Lansing was able to review the matter, Germany was showing signs of disregarding its promise of a new Polish State. Lansing, therefore, informed Wilson that any replay would not be wise. Robert Lansing to Woodrow Wilson, 14 February 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson. 41: 224-225. Return to page 7
16 Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States. The Lansing Papers 1914-1920, (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1939-1940), 19-23. Return to page 7
17 Edward Mandell House to Woodrow Wilson, 26 January 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 41: 25. Return to page 8
18 Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg to Count Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, Translation, 29 January 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 41: 61-62; Count Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff to Edward Mandell House, 31 January 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 41: 80; For more information about the Russian Revolution, see David R. Marples, Lenin’s Revolution: Russia, 1917-1921 (Harlow, England; New York: Longman, 2000). Return to page 8
19
Edward M. House, Paderewski: The Paradox of Europe,
Harper’s Magazine 152 (December 1925): 30-31; Arthur James Balfour to Woodrow Wilson, 18 May 1917, with Enclosure (Balfour’s statement to the Imperial War Council, 22 March 1917), The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 335-338; From the Diary of Colonel House,
28 April 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 155-156, 157; Edward Mandell House to Woodrow Wilson, 20 May 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 354. Return to page 9
20
To the Provisional Government of Russia,
22 May 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 365-367 (quote contained on pages 366-367). Return to page 10
21
Edward Mandell House to Woodrow Wilson, 30 May 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 425 (contains gambler’s chance
quote); Woodrow Wilson to Edward Mandell House, 1 June 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 433; A Flag Day Address,
14 June 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 498-504 (all quotes contained on page 501). Return to page 10
22
Colonel House urged the president to consider the request. Edward Mandell House to Woodrow Wilson, 11 March 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson: 41, 388; Woodrow Wilson to Newton Diehl Baker with Enclosures, 31 March 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 41: 507-509 (influential Poles
quote contained on p. 507). Return to page 11
23
Newton Diehl Baker to Woodrow Wilson, 19 May 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 352-353 (p.353 contains homogeneous
quote); Woodrow Wilson to Newton Diehl Baker, 21 May 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 357 (contains Wilson’s quotes). Return to page 11
24 Newton Diehl Baker to Woodrow Wilson, 31 May 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 431-432. Return to page 11
25 Arthur James Balfour to the Foreign Office, 23 May 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 385-386; Sir Cecil Arthur Spring Rice to the Foreign Office, 14 June 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 520; Sir William Wiseman to Sir Eric Drummond, 19 June 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 543-545; Robert Lansing to Woodrow Wilson, 19 June 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 552-553; Woodrow Wilson to Robert Lansing, 5 October 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 44: 318. Return to page 11
26 Frank Lyon Polk, with Enclosure, 28 July 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 43: 300-302; Woodrow Wilson to Frank Lyon Polk, 2 August 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 43: 344; Robert Lansing to Woodrow Wilson with Enclosures, 11 September 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 44: 187-189; Sir Cecil Arthur Spring Rice to Sir Eric Drummond, 5 October 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 44: 316-317. Return to page 11
27
Komarnicki, 172-176; Alesander Debski and Bronislaw D. Kulakowski to Woodrow Wilson, 8 August 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 44.: 6-7; Ignace Jan Paderewski to Woodrow Wilson, 4 October 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 44: 303-305; Paderewski’s Appeal to His Countrymen,
Current History 7(2) (November 1917): 299; Memorandum by the Representative of the Polish National Committee (Paderewski),
Foreign Relations, 2: 86-89; Robert Lansing to Woodrow Wilson, 28 January 1918, with Enclosure (Ignace Jan Paderewski to Robert Lansing, 19 January 1918), The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 46: 120-123; Woodrow Wilson to Robert Lansing, 29 January 1918, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 46: 149; Komarnicki, 170-176. Return to page 11
28 House, 31. Return to page 12
29
Memorandum by Sidney Edward Mezes, David Hunter Miller, and Walter Lippmann, THE PRESENT SITUATION: THE WAR AIMS AND PEACE TERMS IT SUGGESTS,
The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 45: 459n, 470-471. The Inquiry, created in September 1917, prepared the United State’s platform for peace. Academics participated in the Inquiry, providing their advice in creating the platform. Many continued to provide advice during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Colonel House directed the activities of the Inquiry. For more information about the Inquiry, see Lawrence E. Gelfand, The Inquiry: American Preparations for Peace, 1917-1919 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963). Return to page 12
30
Memorandum by Jacob Judah Aaron de Haas, 5 June 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 42: 234-235; In going through the The Papers of Woodrow Wilson,
most Jewish-Americans were more concerned about a Zionist state than the Jewish population of the Polish partitions. Only after the war had ended did Jewish-Americans lobby Wilson with requests to protect the Jewish population in Poland. The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 51: 625-627 & 53: 79-80, 104-105, 141; Wilson complied with their concerns by requiring representatives of new
nations to sign minority protection clauses at the Paris Peace Conference. Carole Fink, The Paris Peace Conference and the Question of Minority Rights,
Peace & Change 21(3) (July 1996): 273-288. Return to page 13
31 The First Versions of the Fourteen Points, [5 January 1918], The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 45: 480 (contains excerpt), 481, 485. Return to page 14
32 From the Diary of Colonel House, 9 January 1918, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 45: 553; Wilson’s Transcript of His Shorthand Draft [of the Fourteen Points Address, 6 January 1918], The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 45: 515; Arthur S. Link, Wilson the Diplomatist, A Look at His Major Foreign Policies (New York: New Viewpoints, 1974, a reprint of Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press, 1957), 103. Return to page 14
33 The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 45: 487n2; An Address to a Joint Session of Congress, 8 January 1918, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 45: 538; Telegram: Woodrow Wilson to Ignace Jan Paderewski, 11 January 1918, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 45: 569. Return to page 14
34 See The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 46: 162, 164, 221, 224, 226, 274-275, 277, 318-319, 567-568; 51: 334-335, 411. Return to page 14
35 Gordon Auchincloss to Woodrow Wilson with Enclosure (Memorandum to Colonel House from Bullit, 3 February 1918), 3 February 1918, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 46: 221, 224, 226; An Address to a Joint Session of Congress, 11 February 1918, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 46: 318-324; Draft of a Telegram to Alfonso XIII, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 46: 486-487; Woodrow Wilson to Robert Lansing, 26 June 1918, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 48: 435. Return to page 15
36 Woodrow Wilson to Robert Lansing with Enclosure, 20 January 1918, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 46: 47-49 (quotes on p. 48); Komarnicki, 209-210. Return to page 16
37 Marples, 57-61; Jean Jules Jusserand to Robert Lansing, with Draft of a Declaration, 8 March 1918, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 46: 587-588; Komarnicki, 209-213. Return to page 16
38 Woodrow Wilson to Helena de Rosen Paderewski, 9 May 1918, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 47: 576, 577n. Return to page 17
39 Robert Lansing to Woodrow Wilson with Enclosure, 14 June 1918, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 48: 312; Woodrow Wilson to Robert Lansing, 8 July 1918, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 48: 551 (contains quotes); Woodrow Wilson to Gilbert Monell Hitchcock, 11 July 1918, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 51: 591; Robert Lansing to Thomas Gallagher, 11 July 1918, Foreign Relations, 2: 139; Robert Lansing to Woodrow Wilson, 19 August 1918, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 51: 157n (contains reference to Henry Cabot Lodge’s speech of 23 August 1918). Return to page 17
©2006 Tim Sheehan